دانلود پاورپوینت SULPHUR RECOVERY (کد14206)
تومان80,000 تومان40,000
نوع فایل پاورپوینت - پسوند فایل pptx - قابل ویرایش تمامی اسلاید ها - به همراه راهنما
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توضیحات
دانلود پاورپوینت SULPHUR RECOVERY
SULPHUR RECOVERY
عنوان های پاورپوینت :
SULPHUR RECOVERY
PART 2
(Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU
PROCESS OVERVIEW
FEEDSTOCKS TO SRU
SRU Feedstocks main characteristics
Sulphur Recovery Efficiency
Main Applications
CLAUS SULPHUR RECOVERY UNIT
SULPHUR PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
CLAUS REACTION
H2S Conversion – Temperature impact
Typical arrangement of a Claus Unit
SULPHUR RECOVERY PLANT TYPICAL FLOW SCHEME
Side reactions
Hydrocarbons in acid gas
(Hydrocarbons in acid gasAromatic compounds effect (BTEX
Effect of Ammonia in acid gas feedstock
Conceptual design of a sulphur recovery plant
Claus unit operating parameters
Combustion Chamber operating pressure
Air to acid gas ratio
Claus reaction : impact of air control
Flame temperature
Temperature of catalytic reactors
Gas reheat at reactor inlet
CATALYSTS
Performances
SULPHUR QUALITY
EQUIPMENT : Burners
EQUIPMENT: Duiker burner
EQUIPMENT: John Zink burner
EQUIPMENT: Lurgi burner
(View of burner (LURGI
(Combustion chamber control (typical
Equipment : combustion chamber and waste heat boiler
Equipement: Combustion Chamber
Equipement : aste Heat Boiler
Equipement: catalytic reactors
Equipement: Sulphur Condensers
(Incineration (thermal oxidiser
Thermal oxidiser with WHB
Sulphur degassing
Sulphur storage and transport
Sulphur solidification
Pastilles
Rotoform process
Granulation – Procédé Enersul GX
Bulk sulphur storage
Operating problems
Improvements in Claus units
(Claus tail gas composition (typical
Tail Gas treatment
The various types of Claus tail gas treatment processes
REDOX type process
(HP SULFINT process (IFP
Catalytic TGT processes
TGT – Sulphur production in liquid phase
TGT – Absorption and recycle of H2S or SO2
Relative cost of Sulphur Recovery Plants with TGT
قسمت ها و تکه های اتفاقی از فایل
Equipment : combustion chamber and waste heat boiler
Combustion chamber :
carbon steel with refractory lining
(Equipped with temperature measurement devices (optical pyrometers
Waste heat boiler with process gas on tube side and steam generation on shell side:
Natural thermosiphon circulation
Equipement: catalytic reactors
Conception :
low pressure drop
Even distribution of the process gas
generally horizontal reactors
Carbon steel with refractory lining
(Equipped with temperatures measurement devices (thermocouples
Equipement: Sulphur Condensers
Single pass exchangers:
process gas on tube side
Steam generation on shell side
Equipped with a KO drum with mesh to avoid sulphur droplets carry over
Lightly slopped to enhance sulphur drainage
(Incineration (thermal oxidiser
High incineration temperature required for the complete conversion of H2S and sulphur compounds to SO2
H2S < 10 ppm vol
temperature 650 to 800°C
excess air in flue gases : 2 à 5% vol
(Natural draft incineration (no air blower
less expensive
excess air control is uneasy
Forced draft incineration (with air blowers)
more expensive but excess air can be controlled
preferred option if the incinerator is equipped with waste heat recovery
Sulphur degassing
Required to remove the H2S and poly sulfides dissolved in sulphur (safety during storage and transport)
Maximum allowable H2S content < 10 ppm wt
Principle :
sulphur agitation by circulation or stripping
with or without a catalyst
the degassing offgas is sent to the incinerator via air sweeping
Sulphur storage and transport
Liquid sulphur storage:
concrete pit
metallic tank
Storage temperature 125 – 140°C
significant viscosity increase when T > 145°C)
Liquid sulphur export by truck, rail or ship tankers (pipeline on short distances)
Solidification for storage and transport (slates, pastilles, granules)
Sulphur solidification
Slates
Drawback : low mechanical resistance
Pastilles or granules are more regularly shaped and resistant
(ROTOFORM Sandvik (pastilles
(ENERSUL GX (granules
Operating problems
Catalyst beds deactivation
Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
Sulfatation
fouling
Loss of sulphur recovery efficiency
Inactive catalyst
Poor COS or CS2 hydrolysis efficiency
Temperature increase at sulphur condensers
Poor H2S/SO2 ratio control
Sulphur mist carry-over
Operating problems
Plugging
Sulphur solidification
Corrosion
(Operation below sulfuric acid dew point (water condenstaion
Poor insulation and heat tracing
Sulphur « fires » in reactors
Excess oxygen
Improvements in Claus units
New catalysts
COS and CS2 hydrolysis
(Direct conversion of H2S to S by oxidation (SuperClaus and uroClaus
(Direct conversion by reduction (Procédé PROCLAUS
(High efficiency burners (NH3, BTEX
H2S/SO2 analysers
Use of enriched air or oxygen
Better control of start-up and shut-down operations
Tail Gas treatment
Objective
Enhance the sulphur recovery efficiency to limit SO2 rejection to ambient air
Environmental standards more and more stringent
ex : 250 mg SO2/Nm3 flue gas i.e. SRE > 99.9%
The various types of Claus tail gas treatment processes
Catalytic processes
Solvent based processes with recycle of H2S or SO2
REDOX processes in liquid phase
REDOX type process
Principle (iron chelate)
H2S + 2 Fe3+ ——–> 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ + 1/n Sn
1/2 O2 + 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ ——–> 2 Fe3+ + H2O
Catalytic TGT processes
Process based on Claus reaction at lower temperature
Sulfreen process and its alternates
HydroSulfreen
DoxoSulfreen
CBA (Cold Bed Adsorption) process
MCRC process
Clinsulf process
Catalytic TGT processes
Direct oxidation processes
Superclaus process
Euroclaus process
BSR/Hi-Activity high activity
BSR/Selectox
TGT – Absorption and recycle of H2S or SO2
H2S recycle processes
Hydrogenation of tail gas residual sulphur compounds to H2S
H2S absorption in selective amine wash (MDEA)
H2S stream recycle to upstream Claus unit
Type SCOT, RAR, Resulf, etc…
SO2 recycle processes
Tail Gas residual sulphur compounds oxidation to SO2
(SO2 absorption with solvent (amine, physical solvent
SO2 stream recycle to upstream Claus unit
Type Cansolv process, Solinox process, Clausmaster process
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