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دانلود پاورپوینت ( Cabbage (red , white, Savoy کد 220245
شناسه محصول و کد فایل : 220245
نوع فایل : Powerpoint پاورپوینت
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توضیحات محصول دانلود پاورپوینت ( Cabbage (red , white, Savoy کد 220245
- The cabbage plant, Brassica oleracea, is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. There are many different varieties of cabbage which include the white and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and the savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda. The head of the cabbage is round and forms on a short thick stem. The leaves are thick and alternating with wavy or lobed edges and the roots are are fibrous and shallow. The plant produces large yellow flowers. The densely leaved heads can range in size from 0.5 to 3.6 kg (1-8 lb) depending on variety. The plant is usually grown as an annual. Brassica oleracea may be referred to as cabbage, Shetland cabbage, Savoy cabbage, white cabbage or red cabbage and is believed to have originated from a wild cabbage ancestor in ancient Asia minor.
- Uses
- Cabbage is primarily grown for consumption as a vegetable, eaten after boiling or steaming. Some cultivars are grown as fodder for animals. Red cabbage is commonly pickled.
- Propagation
- Basic requirements Cabbage is cool season crop that grows best in cool, moist conditions. The plant will grow best at temperatures between 4 and 21°C (40–50°F) allowing it to be grown in both Spring and Fall. Cabbage will grow optimally in a rich, moist, well draining soil With a pH of 6.5. The plant requires at least six hours of direct sunlight every day. Sowing seeds Cabbage can be direct seeded or started indoors to produce transplants. The optimum soil temperature for germination is between 12 and 24°C (55–75°F). Cabbage seeds can be planted outdoors 6–8 weeks before the last spring frost date in a cold frame and transplanted to their final location approximately 4 weeks before the last frost. If planting for a fall harvest, cabbage can be direct seeded 6–8 weeks before the first frost date. Prepare the soil for planting through the addition of nitrogen in the form of bone meal or composted manure. Plant cabbage seeds 6 mm (0.25 in) deep allowing 10–15 cm (4–6 in) between plants in the row and a 0.6 to 1.2 m (2–4 ft) between rows. Thin seedlings to a final within row spacing of 45–60 cm (18–24 in). Keep soil moist during germination to prevent a crust from forming on the soil surface as this will cause uneven germination. Transplanting Seedlings started indoors or in a cold frame are ready to be transplanted when they have 3–4 leaves and the daytime temperature has reached 10°C (50°F). Seedling should be planted at the final spacing for seeds (45–60 cm/18–24 in between plants and 0.6 to 1.2 m/2–4 ft between rows). Plant each seedling slightly deeper than it was previously. The plantings can be staggered in 2 week intervals to prolong the harvest. General care and maintenance Cabbage should be kept evenly watered to ensure the development of tight heads. Uneven watering can cause heads to crack. Application of mulch around plants helps to conserve soil moisture. Cabbage plants have shallow roots and in order to avoid damaging them, it is preferable to hand pull any weeds growing around the plants. Cabbages are heavy feeders and require the addition of fertilizer to meet their growth requirements and develop optimally. Fertilize the plants when they are beginning to form new leaves and starting to develop heads. Harvesting Cabbages are ready to harvest when the head is fully formed and feels firm and well-packed when squeezed. Cut the head away from the stalk with a sharp knife. Leaving the stalks in the ground will result in the formation of several smaller heads which can also be harvested and eaten.
- CABI Crop Protection Compendium. (2008). Brassica oleracea datasheet. Available at: http://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/10102. [Accessed 07 November 14]. Paid subscription required. Delahaut, K. A. & Newenhouse, A. C. (1997). Growing Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage and other Cole crops in Wisconsin. A Guide for Fresh-Market Growers. University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension. Available at: http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A3684.PDF. [Accessed 07 November 14]. Free to access Rimmer, S. R., Shattuck, V. I. Buchwaldt, L. (Eds) (2007). Compendium of Brassica Diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press. Available at: http://www.apsnet.org/apsstore/shopapspress/Pages/43443.aspx. Available for purchase from APS Press.
- Diseases
- Category : Fungal
- Alternaria leaf spot (Black spot, Gray spot) Alternaria brassicae
- Symptoms
- Small dark spots on leaves which turn brown to gray; lesions may be round or angular and may possess a purple-black margin; lesions may form concentric rings, become brittle and crack in center; dark brown elongated lesions may develop on stems and petioles.
- Cause
- Fungus
- Comments
- Management
- Plant only pathogen-free seed; rotate crops; applications of appropriate fungicides control disease when present.
- Anthracnose Colletotrichum higginsianum
- Symptoms
- Small circular or irregularly shaped dry spots which are gray to straw in color on leaves; a high number of spots may cause the leaf to die; lesions may coalesce to form large necrotic patches causing leaves to turn yellow and wilt; lesions may split or crack in dry centers.
- Cause
- Fungus
- Comments
- Management
- Control of disease depends on sanitary practices; treat seeds with hot water prior to planting; rotate crops; plant in an area with good soil drainage; remove all cruciferous weeds which may act as a reservoir for the fungus.
- Black rot Xanthomonas campestris.
- Symptoms
- Irregularly shaped dull yellow areas along leaf margins which expand to leaf midrib and create a characterstic “V-shaped” lesion; lesions may coalesce along the leaf margin to give plant a scorched appearance.
- Cause
- Bacterium
- Comments
- Management
- Clubroot Plasmodiophora brassicae
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Damping-off (Wirestem, Head rot) Rhizoctonia solani
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Powdery mildew Erysiphe cruciferarum
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Sclerotinia stem rot (White mold) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Watery soft rot (White rot, Cabbage drop) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- White rust Albugo candida
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Category : Bacterial
- Bacterial soft rot Erwinia caratovora
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Blackleg Leptosphaeria maculans
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Management
- Category : Fungal, Oomycete
- Downy mildew Peronospora parasitica
- Symptoms
- Irregular yellow patches on leaves which turn light brown in color; fluffy gray growth on the undersides of the leaves
- Cause
- Fungus
- Comments
- Management
- Remove all crop debris after harvest; rotate with non-brassicas; application of appropriate fungicides may be required if symptoms of disease are present
- Ring spot Mycosphaerella brassicicola
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Category : Other
- Slugs & snails (Gray garden slug, Spotted garden slug, Brown garden snail, European garden snail , etc.) Decoratus reticulatum
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Pests
- Category : Insects
- Beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicaea
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Cutworms Agrotis spp.
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Flea beetle Phyllotreta spp.
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Large cabbage white (Cabbageworm) Pieres rapae
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Thrips (Western flower thrips, Onion thrips, etc) Frankliniella occidentalis
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
- Category : Nematodes
- Root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp.
- Symptoms
- Cause
- Comments
- Management
